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利用總體基因體學比較台灣茄科細菌性萎凋病抑病土與導病土之微生物相

為了解決Grassland biome的問題，作者吉羅霓 這樣論述：

Soils that are suppressive to soil-borne plant pathogens commonly occur in agricultural fields under continuous cultivation, and the biological basis of suppressiveness has been characterized based on the standard isolation and cultivation of soil microorganisms. Recent development of metagenomic t

ools bypasses cultivation and provides information on the collective soil metagenome that contains putative genes coding for the disease-suppressive functions, e. g. genes involved in antibiotic biosynthesis. One major constraint in studying metagenomics is the production of high-quality environment

al DNA (eDNA) with a good representation of the total taxonomic groups. In this study, we applied the Zhou-modification DNA extraction protocol that is based on the laboratory-made solutions to study the bacterial diversity of bacterial wilt disease (BWD) –conducive and –suppressive soils. Bacterial

wilt disease, caused by soil-borne pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the leading causes of crop losses in subtropical and tropical regions. In Taiwan, a few agricultural soils that showed suppressiveness to bacterial wilt disease have been described. We employed both cultivation and metage

nomics approaches to access the bacterial diversity in these soils. The DNA fingerprinting profiles of the 16S rRNA V4-V5 hypervariable region of the culturable microbiotas residing in the disease-conducive and –suppressive soils were compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). The b

acterial metagenomes of the two soils were characterized by the next generation sequencing (NGS) of the 16S rRNA V1-V3 region. Both culture-dependent and culture-independent results showed that the Family Bacillaceae, specifically those belonging in the genus of Bacillus were more enriched in the BW

D-suppressive than the BWD-conducive soil. Distinct clustering was observed between the BWD-suppressive and BWD-conducive communities indicating their differences in microbial composition. The microbial library constructed from this study was assayed for isolates with potential antimicrobial propert

y against R. solanacearum. The 152 out 1592 isolates showed two general actions against the pathogen: strong antagonism, or inhibition of the extracellular polysccharide (EPS) (non-antagonist) on R. solanacearum PS152. Two strong candidates, a Bacillus subtilis Bas7Ha and a Brevibacillus brevis Brb

145 strain, were chosen and applied to a BWD-conducive soil under greenhouse condition. Results showed that the Phylum Firmicutes dominated in the antagonist-treated soil, while the Phylum Proteobacteria abound in the non-antagonist-treated rhizosphere. Similar patterns were observed in the microbia

l communities of BWD-suppressive and BWD-conducive soils from the field. An eggplant field that was suppressive to BWD for 10 years showed patchy disease incidence and rhizosphere soil samples collected from both healthy and diseased plants revealed a microbiota with depleted abundance of the Family

Bacillaceae in the diseased rhizosphere. The depletion of the Family Bacillaceae in the diseased rhizosphere microbiome validated what was found in the greenhouse, indicating the presence of Bacillaceae members had a negative impact on the elicitation of bacterial wilt disease of solanaceous vegeta

bles.

以電路理論探討都市景觀連接度與鳥類群聚之相關研究

為了解決Grassland biome的問題，作者許雅汝 這樣論述：

景觀連接度(connectivity)被定義為景觀促進或阻礙生物體在資源塊區之間運動的程度，可分為結構與功能。在城市化的過程中，時常間接導致生物棲地破碎化，景觀連接度的降低，也會影響物種在空間中的移動與分布。然而，我們對於景觀連接度的影響與認知上仍存在差異，通常僅作資源分配而甚少考慮生物移動模式，倘若忽略了生物移動將導致保護上潛在破壞的結果，故了解連接度將有助於在景觀尺度上，為生態問題提供規範性的解決方案。本研究旨在探討都市景觀連接度與鳥類群聚之關係，選擇電路理論模型作為景觀連接度量化指標，檢驗景觀連接度是否與鳥類群聚有關，並比較不同連接度量化指標對鳥類群聚的影響程度。以台北市作為研究樣區，

使用BBS Taiwan臺灣繁殖鳥類大調查的鳥調數據，推導出各景觀類別的電阻值，以此表示為物種在景觀中移動的難易程度，並運用ArcGIS 10.4數化景觀結構，將電阻值紀錄於網格資料(raster)中，後續以電路理論為基礎的Circuitscape 4.0軟體進行連接度分析，最後檢定景觀連接度與鳥類多樣性的相關性。研究結果顯示林地鳥類是會受到鄰近塊區特徵的影響，且較不受距離上的限制，當資源區塊間隔離程度(移動成本)越小時，越有利於鳥類移動與分布，鳥類多樣性會隨之增加。藉由研究結果指出，電路理論模型相較於其他量化指標，對鳥類群聚影響程度較大，適用於分析臺灣環境特性與生物習性。在實務上的應用，能夠

透過電路理論模型比較不同方案對連接度提升的成效，有助於確定對物種有利的空間配置和保護生物多樣性的恢復或緩解之措施。