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The Three Death Sentences of Clarence Henderson: A Battle for Racial Justice at the Dawn of the Civil Rights Era

為了解決Pitted against的問題，作者Joyner, Chris 這樣論述：

A shocking history of racial injustice and the valiant efforts to secure a Black man’s freedom--now in paperbackThe Three Death Sentences of Clarence Henderson is the story of Clarence Henderson, a wrongfully accused Black sharecropper who was sentenced to die three different times for a murder he d

idn’t commit, and the prosecution desperate to pin the crime on him despite scant evidence. His first trial lasted only a day and featured a lackluster public defense. The book also tells the story of Homer Chase, a former World War II paratrooper and New England radical who was sent to the South by

the Communist Party to recruit African Americans to the cause while offering them a chance at increased freedom. And it’s the story of Thurgood Marshall’s NAACP and their battle against not only entrenched racism but a Communist Party--despite facing nearly as much prejudice as those they were tryi

ng to help--intent on winning the hearts and minds of Black voters. The bitter battle between the two groups played out as the sides sparred over who would take the lead on Henderson’s defense, a period in which he spent years in prison away from a daughter he had never seen. Through it all, The Th

ree Death Sentences of Clarence Henderson is a portrait of a community, and a country, at a crossroads, trying to choose between the path it knows is right and the path of least resistance. The case pitted powerful forces--often those steering legal and journalistic institutions--attempting to use r

acism and Red-Scare tactics against a populace that by and large believed the case against Henderson was suspect at best. But ultimately, it’s a hopeful story about how even when things look dark, some small measure of justice can be achieved against all the odds, and actual progress is possible. It

’s the rare book that is a timely read, yet still manages to shed an informative light on America’s past and future as well as it’s present. Chris Joyner is an investigative reporter with the Atlanta Journal-Constitution with more than two decades of experience in journalism, ranging from communi

ty newspapers to national and international news and wire services. He reported from the scene of Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill of 2010. As an investigative reporter, he focuses on uncovering hidden communities, and has written about street gangs and life inside a sup

ermax prison, the hidden world of government lobbying, and a white-collar criminal network built around a drug testing lab. He lives in Atlanta.

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利用回收料源培養Kytococcus sedentarius生產具經濟價值之生物分子可行性研究

為了解決Pitted against的問題，作者莊芝瑜 這樣論述：

四氫嘧啶（1,4,5,6-四氫-2-甲基-4-嘧啶羧酸）在調節細胞內的滲透壓中扮演著極為重要角色。此外，它還具有促進細胞再生，保持皮膚濕潤並且延緩老化的功能。近年來，在使用護膚品和化妝品，大家越來越注重產品當中的天然成分，因此，在未來四氫嘧啶將具有極為廣闊的市場潛力，而能夠生產四氫嘧啶的微生物主要由嗜鹽菌或耐鹽菌種微生物在具有鹽度的環境中分泌。這項研究旨在利用海洋菌Kytococcus sedentarius在不同鹽濃度、穀胺酸濃度、pH值和多種碳源和氮源的料源中來比較其四氫嘧啶的產量。本研究首先主要探討Kytococcus sedentarius的最佳生長條件實驗結果顯示，當鹽濃度為1.2

M時，四氫嘧啶的產率可達到21.6 mg L-1 d-1，而在穀胺酸濃度為1%（w/v）時，四氫嘧啶產率更可達到32.9 mg L-1 d-1。在碳源的比較中，在麥渣水解液在20%（v/v）有最佳的實驗結果，有最高的乾菌重為2.95 g L-1，以及最高四氫嘧啶產率46.4 mg L-1 d-1。在氮源條件中則以蛋白腖濃度為1%（w/v）時為最佳，其產率可達到79.2 mg L-1 d-1，乾菌重可達到3.06 g L-1，而在以回收料源作為氮源時，0.5%（w/v）的啤酒酵母粉能夠合成52.2 mg L-1的四氫嘧啶。雖然產量不高，但證明了使用啤酒酵母為氮源是為可行的。而在角蛋白酶的測試分

析中，也證明了K. sedentarius在生產四氫嘧啶的同時也能產出角蛋白酶。在第二部分則是在探討擴大培養對微生物的生長與產物合成的影響，在這部分的實驗結果顯示出，使用麥渣水解液與啤酒酵母粉作為碳、氮源有最高的四氫嘧啶合成量達222.2 mg L-1，產率也高達96.0 mg L-1 d-1，與對照組相比提高的1.8倍的產量。且經過成本估算後使用回料源最為碳氮源生產每克之四氫嘧啶只需$31.31 USD，相較於原始培養基生產成本約$65.24 USD g-1，下降了約$33.93 USD g-1，此數據結果在工業化生產上是極具有競爭力。

Space Race 2.0: Spacex, Blue Origin, Virgin Orbit, Nasa, and the Privatization of the Final Frontier

為了解決Pitted against的問題，作者Bergan, Brad 這樣論述：

Space Race 2.0 is the only authoritative photographic history of the efforts of private companies--often alongside NASA--to accelerate humankind’s exploration and understanding of the final frontier. The private space sector is growing tremendously. The industry’s consensus leader, SpaceX, headed

by outspoken billionaire Elon Musk, is today worth an estimated ＄74 billion. And SpaceX and its chief competitors, Blue Origin and Virgin Galactic, are taking on more roles--flying cargo, supplies, and astronauts to outer space. Space Race 2.0 tells their story with expertly written text by science

journalist Brad Bergan and stunning photography of the spacecraft, key players, and facilities in California, Texas, and Florida. In the 1950s and ’60s, the first Space Race pitted two political ideologies against one another: either Communism or Capitalism would prove superior. Ultimately, the US

landed on the moon, the race’s crowning achievement. Now, more than a half-century later, the Space Race has pivoted from a contest between ideological rivals to private aerospace firms competing for contracts. Today, rather than symbolic goals motivated by patriotism, the defining success of a la

unch system extends beyond engineering and science to image and ROI. Founded in 2002, SpaceX’s trajectory was determined by Musk’s realization that he could achieve higher profits by vertically integrating--manufacturing his own rockets and spacecraft--rather than relying on third parties. The decis

ion was prescient, resulting in a state-of-the-art headquarters in Hawthorne, California, and a series of stunning achievements. Space Race 2.0 follows the development of commercial space exploration to the present. While tentative first steps in private ventures are covered, such as those by Space

Services Inc. and Orbital Science in the 1980s and ’90s, the focus is on today’s major players: SpaceX, Blue Origin (headed by Amazon founder Jeff Bezos), and Virgin Galactic (founded by Richard Branson). While examining the hardware, Bergan also explores such considerations as the importance of des

ign-forward equipment and the endgame: what ultimately is ＂in it＂ for firms at the forefront? Natural resources? NASA and ESA contracts? Commercial travel? Communications? And what legal boundaries, if any, restrain corporate interests in space? Space Race 2.0 is the ultimate visual look at this rel

atively young industry, looking back at recent remarkable decades--and ahead to what the future might bring.

大花咸豐草化感作用對雜草防治效用及其於蔬菜栽培的應用研究

為了解決Pitted against的問題，作者薛銘童 這樣論述：

雜草管理是蔬菜生產體系相當重要的一環。一般農夫普遍採用的管理策略包括耕犁、刈草、覆蓋及施用除草劑等。其中又以除草劑的使用最為普遍。然而，研究指出過量使用除草劑及具除草劑抗性雜草的出現，已經造成許多環境及生態的問題。有鑑於此，部分科學家致力於從化感植物中找到新的天然植毒性物質，開發新型除草劑；或是致力於將化感植物或作物，作為覆蓋植物，導入輪作或間作的系統中。咸豐草(Bidens pilosa L.)是兼具傳統可食的野菜及中草藥的化感植物，具有導入蔬菜生產系統，提升雜草防治功效的潛力。在臺灣，咸豐草共計有白花鬼針(B. pilosa L. var. pilosa)、小白花鬼針(B. pilosa

L. var. minor (Blume) Sherff)及大花咸豐草(B. pilosa L. var. radiata Sch. Bip.)等3個變種。其中以大花咸豐草入侵性最強，但針對此物種的發芽光需求、自毒作用、化感物質釋出途徑、化感作用識別以及在蔬菜生產系統中的雜草控制潛力的相關研究甚少。本研究首先進行實驗室、盆栽及田間試驗，用以評估不同pH、光環境及殘體植毒性對大花咸豐草的發芽影響，了解未來應用上如何防止該物種的衍生危害。其次，透過自田間蒐集大花咸豐草植群天然淋溶液、利用吸附劑吸收葉、莖及葉等不同部位揮發性化合物、搜集根部淋洗液及施用殘體或其水萃液試驗方法等，探討此物種之化感物質

可能的釋出途徑、種類及其影響。為了評估大花咸豐草化感作用對其他植物的影響程度，以香附子(Cyperus rotundus L.)為測試植物，進行大花咸豐草殘體植毒性對香附子種間密度依賴(density-dependent)、兩物種種間競爭和大花咸豐草田間土壤與其殘體對香附子塊莖更新之影響等試驗。最後，本研究也以小白菜(Brassica rapa L. subsp. chinensis (L.) Makino)為材料，在盆栽中施用大花咸豐草殘體，探討其化感物質對小白菜生長期間的雜草防治效果，以及對小白菜生長是否會產生不良影響。試驗結果顯示，大花咸豐草種子最適發芽pH為5-7之間，其中以胚根生長對

不同pH處理較為敏感，強酸性或偏鹼性環境對其幼苗之胚根發育有明顯負面影響。光照對大花咸豐草發芽影響隨環境而異，培養皿的試驗結果顯示，發芽並無光需求，但在以土壤為介質的盆栽則有明顯照光促進發芽的現象。遠紅光處理雖可抑制種子發芽，但預處理後於黑暗中培育仍可發芽的現象，顯示種子的發芽光反應應是極低光量反應(very low fluence response, VLFR)。試驗同時發現，大花咸豐草殘體與水萃液在控制(實驗室)、半自然(溫室或生長箱盆栽)及自然(田間)狀態下均可對其種子表現出植毒性。由遠紅光預處理後於黑暗中培育的發芽受抑現象推測，殘體或水萃液中所含的酚類化感物質可能會破壞Pfr光敏素，進

而抑制種子的發芽率。在化感物質釋出途徑方面，試驗結果顯示大花咸豐草雖可透過淋溶、揮發、根分泌及殘體分解等途徑釋出植毒性物質，但以殘體分解為最重要的途徑。同時，由各途徑的化感物質分析得知，淋溶或殘體分解途徑的主要化感物質應為酚類，而揮發途徑則以-蒎烯(-pinene)、莰烯(camphene)、月桂油烯(myrcene)、檸烯(limonene)及石竹烯(caryophyllene)等萜類及苯基庚三炔(phenylheptatriyne)等多炔類(polyacetylene)化感物質為主。除此之外，植毒性-密度依賴試驗結果發現，施用大花咸豐草殘體可明顯改變香附子之單株乾重-栽培密度對數關係斜

率。亦即殘體對香附子生長的抑制強度隨施用量遞增，但隨栽培密度增加而遞減，顯示殘體植毒性明顯存在低密度處理，但在高密度處理中則被稀釋了。而由大花咸豐草與香附子的種間競爭試驗進一步發現，相較於無施用處理，施用活性碳處理可提高香附子的生長，推測是因為大花咸豐草所釋出的植毒性物質經活性碳吸收，降低對香附子生長的影響，顯示化感作用在大花咸豐草與相鄰植物的競爭中扮演一定程度的影響。最後，在小白菜的栽培試驗中發現，大花咸豐草殘體可以顯著抑制雜草種子發芽達5週，並且即使在施用1週後播種小白菜，亦不會對小白菜的生長造成影響。大花咸豐草雖是高入侵性的外來植物，但在食用及醫藥方面極具發展潛力。本研究顯示，該植物殘體

的化感作用具直接應用在田間防治雜草及導入蔬菜輪作生產系統的潛力。