Rap song Top 10的問題，透過圖書和論文來找解法和答案更準確安心。 我們找到下列包括賽程、直播線上看和比分戰績懶人包

利用氧化鋅奈米結構提升太陽能電池全方向性光伏特性

為了解決Rap song Top 10的問題，作者謝銘洋 這樣論述：

指導教授同意書口試委員會審定書致謝 iii摘要 ivAbstract vList of Figures ixList of Tables xivCHAPTER 1: Introduction 11.1 Background and Motivation 11.2 Introduction of solar cells 31.2.1 Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell 61.2.2 Dye-sensitized solar cell 8CHAPTER 2: Theoretical background and lite

rature review 122.1 Anti-Reflection Technology 122.2 The Moth-Eye Concept 152.2.1 Sub-wavelength grooves 152.2.2 Stepped Profile 162.2.3 Gradually Changing Profile 172.2.4 Maximizing the potential of sub-wavelength structure 182.2.5 Moth-eye structures observed in nature 202.

2.6 Theoretical analysis of moth-eye profile 212.3 Effective medium theory 232.4 Light scattering 252.5 Anti-Reflection structure techniques 272.5.1 Photolithography 272.5.2 Nanoimprint lithography 272.5.3 Nanosphere lithography 302.5.4 Aqueous chemical growth method 332.6 Ch

aracterization of ZnO material 352.6.1 ZnO structure 362.6.2 ZnO optical peoperties 372.6.3 ZnO antireflection structure on chalcopyrite solar cells 412.7 Overview of this thesis 46CHAPTER 3: Modeling and optimization of sub-wavelength grating nanostructures on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cel

l 473.1 Back ground and motivation 473.2 Device Structure and Simulation Settings 483.3 Device characterization and discussion 50CHAPTER 4: Enhanced broadband and omnidirectional performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with ZnO nanostructures 554.1 Back ground and motivation 554.2

CIGS solar cell fabrication 564.3 ZnO nanorod and ZnO nonotree synthesis 564.4 ZnO dandelion-shaped nanostructures synthesis 574.5 ZnO nanotree morphology analysis 594.6 Optical properties of ZnO nanotree 624.7 Solar cell performance-ZnO nanotree on CIGS solar cells 684.8 Optimize

d PS nanospheres 704.9 ZnO dandelion structure morphology analysis 714.10 Optical properties of ZnO dandelion structure 734.11 Solar cell performance-ZnO dandelion on CIGS solar cells 77CHAPTER 5: Realizing Omnidirectional Light Harvesting by Employing Hierarchical Architecture for Dye

Sensitized Solar Cells 805.1 Back ground and motivation 805.2 ZnO dandelion structure and DSSCs fabrication 835.3 Morphological and structural characterizations 855.4 Light scattering effect by the hierarchical dandelion-like ZnO structure 935.5 The angle-dependent conversion characte

ristic 97CHAPTER 6: Conclusion 102Reference 104Reference of CHAPTER 1 104Reference of CHAPTER 2 106Reference of CHAPTER 3 109Reference of CHAPTER 4 110Reference of CHAPTER 5 110List of FiguresFigure 1.1 Reported timeline of solar cell energy conversion efficiencies (from Nat

ional Renewable Energy Laboratory) 5Figure 1.2 Schematic of a grid/ZnO/CdS/CIGS/Mo/glass solar cell 8Figure 1.3 The schematic structure and working principle of dye-sensitized solar cell 10Figure 2.1 Reflectance between two mediums at normal angle of incidence. 13Figure 2.2 Simplified cr

oss section of typical double-layer anti-reflection 14Figure 2.3 Refractive index properties of sub-wavelength feature profiles: (a) groove profile, (b) stepped profile (c) gradually changing triangular profile. 18Figure 2.4 Computed dependence of reflection on h/ λ at normal angle of incident

19Figure 2.5 Sub-wavelength pillars observed on the cornea of night flying moths. 20Figure 2.6 Sub-wavelength pillars observed on the cornea of butterfly 21Figure 2.7 Approvimation of refractive index properties of moth-eye structures found in nature. 21Figure 2.8 Optimal anti-reflecti

on profile for glass substrate. 22Figure 2.9 Homogeneous anti-reflection coatings and inhomogeneous anti-reflection coatings. 24Figure 2.10 Patterns of Rayleigh and Mie scattering. 26Figure 2.11 The schematic diagram of the photolithography process 27Figure 2.12 Schematic procedure used

to fabricate the PDMS mold. 28Figure 2.13 Schematic procedure used to fabricate the moth-eye patterns on PV protective glass. 29Figure 2.14. The anti-reflection structure made by nanoimprinting. 29Figure 2.15 I–V characteristic changes due to PV protective glass with moth-eye patterns 30

Figure 2.16 The SEM image of the fabricated frustum nanorod arrays by nanosphere lithography. 31Figure 2.17 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of nano cone array on silicon wafer. 32Figure 2.18 SEM images of nanocone array 32Figure. 2.19 SEM image of TiO2 hollow microsphere arrays; a

nd urchinlike TiO2 arrays. 34Figure. 2.20 Specular reflectance spectra of TiO2 microspheres and TiO2 urchin 34Figure 2.21 Hexagonal wurtzite of ZnO 36Figure 2.22 SEM images of the vertically aligned ZnO nanorod arrays on Si substrates 38Figure 2.23 I–V characteristics and reflectance of

the solar cell devices with the AR layer of ZnO nanorod 38Figure 2.24 schematic diagram and SEM microgrooved structure. 39Figure 2.25 The EQE and J–V curves for the Si solar cells 39Figure 2.26 SEM images of top (a) and cross-sectional (b) views of ZnO NW-coated solar cell surface. 40Fig

ure 2.27 SEM images of ZnO NWs grown under different times and their cross-section view. 41Figure 2.28 The current density-voltage curves of the solar cells with 45min grown ZnO NWs 41Figure 2.29 Schematic and SEM image of the flat and the conical ZnO nanorods 42Figure 2.30 JV characteristi

cs of the bare CIGS solar cell and the flat/conical ZnO NR AR-coated CIGS solar cells 42Figure 2.31 SEM image of different length of ZnO nanorods 43Figure 2.32 J–V characteristics of the bare CIGSe device and the devices with ZnO nanorods 44Figure 2.33 SEM images of ZnO nanostructures synth

esized at different pH values, (a) pH =6, (b) pH = 7, (c) pH = 8, and (d) pH = 9. 45Figure 2.34 I–V characteristics and reflectance of the solar cell devices with the AR layer of ZnO nanorod 45Figure 3.1 Short-circuit current density of CIGS solar cells with various AZO SWG nanostructures.

50Figure 3.2. Contour plots for the calculated short-circuit current density as a function of the periods and heights of CIGS solar cells with close-packed (a) nanonipple and (b) nanocone patterns. 52Figure 3.3. Contour plots for reflectance as a function of the wavelength and incident angle of C

IGS solar cells with (a) bare, (b) nanorod-shaped, (c) nipple-shaped, and (d) cone-shaped AZO SWG structures 52Figure 3.4. J–V characteristics of bare CIGS solar cell and cell with nipple-shaped SWG structure. 53Figure 4.1 Schematic process for fabricating vertically aligned ZnO structure on C

IGS solar cell, (a) CIGS device structure, (b) ZnO nanorod arrays, (c) ZnO nanotree. 57Figure 4.2 Schematic process for fabricating the dandelions structure on CIGS solar cell, (a) bare (b) with nano PS nanospheres, (c) with ZnO dandelions. 58Figure 4.3 SEM images of the ZnO structures grown o

n flat CIGS solar cells (left: cross section, right: top view): CIGS solar cell (a, b) with flat surface (c, d) with ZnO nanorod, (e, f) with ZnO nanotree. 61Figure 4.4 (a) X-ray diffraction patterns of ZnO nanotrees grown on ZnO film (b) Reflectance measurements of ZnO nanorods and nanotrees gro

wn on CIGS solar cells compare with bare one. (c) Images of (right) CIGS solar cell with ZnO nanotrees arrays and (left) bare CIGS solar cell 63Figure 4.5 The measured angular reflectance spectra for solar cell with (a) bare, (b) with rod structure, (c) with tree structure and (d) the weighted re

flectance of all cells, calculated by the measured angular reflectance spectra shown in (a)-(c). The inset in (d) is a schematic illustration of the angle dependence between incident and reflected lights. 67Figure 4.6 Schematic illustration of the refractive index profiles of different ZnO nanost

ructures AR-coated on CIGS solar cells with varying AR-coated thickness. 69Figure 4.7 Light current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of different ZnO nanostructures AR-coated on CIGS solar cells. 69Figure 4.8 (a) Top view of one unit cell in a periodic structure. (b) The calculated short-

circuit current density JSC (mA/cm2) as a fuction of the diameter and interval. 72Figure 4.9 SEM images of the nanostructures pattern on flat CIGS solar cells: (a) with PS nanospheres (b,c) with ZnO dandelions structure low and high magnification view, (d) cross-sectional SEM image of CIGS solar

cell with ZnO dandelions. 72Figure 4.10 (a) Reflectance measurements of PS nanospheres and dandelions pattern on CIGS solar cells compare with bare one. (b) Images of (left) CIGS solar cell with ZnO dandelions arrays (median) with PS nanospheres and (right) bare CIGS solar cell. 74Figure 4.11

The measured angular reflectance spectra for solar cell with (a)Bare (b) PS nanospheres (c) dandelions. (d) The weighted reflectance of all cells. 77Figure 4.12 (a) The current density-voltage curves and (b) the external quantum efficiencies of the solar cell with dandelions structures and the ba

re cell. (c) The angular photocurrent characterization of the solar cell with dandelions structures and the bare cell. The green curve shows the corresponding enhancement factor at different incident angles. 79Figure 5.1 Schematic process for fabricating the dandelions nanostructure on FTO glass

substrate and SEM images of the dandelions nanostructures. Scale bar, (b) 1.5µm, (d, f) 1µm. 82Figure 5.2 (a) Images of monolayer PS microsphere arrays assembled on the FTO glass, (b) SEM images of monolayer PS microsphere arrays. Top-view and cross-sectional SEM images of the different grown hou

rs ZnO dandelions structure on FTO glass: (c, i) 3hour, (e, j) 9 hour, (f, k) 15hour, (g, l) 21hour. Scale bar, (b) 5µm (c,e,f,g, i-l) 2µm, (d, h) 1µm. 87Figure 5.3 (a) Cross-sectional TEM image of ZnO nanorods grown on ZnO hemispherical shell for 9h. The lattice image and the electron diffractio

n patterns of top nanorod and bottom are show in (b) and (c), respectively. Fourier-filtered images of the framed region in Fig. 5.3(b) and (c) obtained by selecting the ±(0002) ZnO spots. 88Figure 5.4 (a) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the different grown hours dandelion-like ZnO structures

and ZnO nanorods; (b) electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS); (c) I-V characteristic and (d) external quantum efficiency spectra of the DSSCs based on ZnO nanorod structure and dandelions structure. 93Figure 5.5 (a) Schematic illustrations of light reflecting and scattering within the ZnO struc

tures. Calculated electric fields of light passing through the (b)FTO/glass, (c)ZnO nanorod (1 µm length, 50 nm interval)/FTO/glass, (d-f)ZnO hemispherical shell (300 nm, 600nm and 1 µm diameter)/FTO/glass, (g-i)ZnO nanorods (400 nm, 1 µm, 2 µm height)/ ZnO hemispherical shell (1 µm diameter)/FTO/gl

ass. The thickness of FTO films and ZnO hemispherical shell are fixed at 500 nm and 100nm, respectively. The diameter of ZnO nanorod is fixed at 50nm. 99Figure 5.6 (a) UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer schematic. The measured angular transmittance spectra for FTO glass with (b) 3 hour dandelions (c) 9

hour dandelions (d) 15 hour dandelions (c) 21 hour dandelions (d) 18 hour nanorods (g) the average transmittance of all sample. 100Figure 5.7 (a) Homemade rotatable photo I-V measurement schematic. (b) The angular photocurrent characterization of the DSSCs based on ZnO nanorod structure and dand

elions structure. 101List of TablesTable 2.1 Current-voltage characteristics of c-Si Solar cells with various surface structures. 31Table 3.1 Base parameters for CIGS solar cell 49Table 3.2 Photovoltaic parameters of CIGS solar cells with nipple 54structure and bare cell. 54Table 5. 1

Photovoltaic parameters of different ZnO nanostructures AR-coated on CIGS solar cells 101