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親代的打鬥勝敗經驗是否會影響子代對勝敗經驗的反應-以紅樹林鱂魚為例

為了解決fall field crickets的問題，作者潘俊穎 這樣論述：

個體為了競爭有限的資源而展現攻擊性。個體的攻擊性可能受到自己的打鬥勝負經驗或其親代經歷的環境所影響。個體近期獲勝／落敗的打鬥經驗提高／降低牠在下次打鬥時的攻擊性，稱之為勝/敗者效應。另外，目前有許多研究發現，親代的經歷影響其子代的行為表現，此現象稱為母體效應。親代可能傳遞環境資訊給其子代，替子代預期環境的狀況，使子代在面對相似的經歷時表現出適當的反應。然而，目前尚未有研究探討個體獲得打鬥經驗後的行為表現是否會受到其親代打鬥經驗的影響。本研究欲檢測個體的行為，即打鬥經驗前的攻擊性與經驗後的攻擊性，是否受到其親代之打鬥經驗影響。本研究同時也檢測個體之生理生活史特徵（孵化所需時間、生長速率、性成熟

年紀）和（皮質醇、睪固酮濃度）是否為親代打鬥經驗影響個體行為的可能機制。本研究使用紅樹林鱂魚作為實驗物種進行研究。實驗使用3  3的二因子實驗設計，包含親代三種經驗（獲勝／落敗／控制經驗）處理，和個體本身三種經驗（獲勝／落敗／控制經驗）處理。首先強制給予親代個體指定的打鬥經驗（獲勝／落敗／控制經驗）後收集其子代為子代實驗的目標個體，並觀察子代個體的生活史特徵。子代長至8月齡大時，始給予打鬥經驗，並觀察個體之行為及生理特徵。本研究結果顯示(1)有過落敗經驗之親代所產下之子代具有較高的攻擊性；(2)個體經驗後之攻擊性受子代打鬥經驗的影響，並不受其親代之打鬥經驗影響；(3)個體的生理、生活史特徵幾

乎不受親代打鬥經驗的影響，有過打鬥經驗之親代所產下之子代有較快的生長速率；(4)個體的攻擊性的表現與個體的生活史和生理特徵間無相關。總結上述結果，在行為方面，個體攻擊性會受親代打鬥經驗的影響，但個體對打鬥經驗的反應主要是受到自己打鬥經驗的影響；於生活史特徵方面，個體生長速率雖然受其親代的打鬥經驗影響，但與自身攻擊性表現無關。本研究結果證實了親代的打鬥經驗會傳遞給子代環境中的資訊，並增加子代在獲得任何打鬥經驗前的競爭能力。然而，當子代親身經歷過打鬥經驗後，親代的打鬥經驗就不會再影響子代的攻擊性，顯示只有自身經歷過的打鬥經驗才能提供自身打鬥能力相關資訊。

火蟻的社會行為：解析蟻后 - 工蟻的嗅覺互動

為了解決fall field crickets的問題，作者鄧小美 這樣論述：

Queen discrimination behavior in the fire ant Solenopsis invicta maintains its two types of societies: colonies with one (monogyne) or many (polygyne) queens, yet the underlying genetic mechanism is poorly understood. This behavior is controlled by two supergene alleles, SB and Sb, encompassing ~60

0 genes. Polygyne workers, having either the SB/SB or SB/Sb genotype, accept additional SB/Sb queens into their colonies but kill SB/SB queens. In contrast, monogyne workers, all having the SB/SB genotype, reject all additional queens regardless of genotypes.Our main question is: How do polygyne wor

kers recognize the queen’s genotype? To address this question, we dissected it into three parts: the social chromosome investigation, signal perception and making decision in the worker, and signal production in the queen.In the social chromosome investigation, we questioned how the supergene evolve

d and shaped the social polymorphism in the fire ant. To address this question, we tried to super-scaffold the social chromosome and identified the supergene boundaries. We super-scaffolded seven scaffolds and five contigs, and identified the outer most breakpoint of the supergene. Additionally, we

found that the supergene formation likely changed the cis-regulation of breakpoint adjacent genes.From the worker side, we hypothesized that the evolution of differential expression of key genes in their antennae and brains affects the difference in sensing queens and making queen acceptance/rejecti

on decision, respectively, by the alternate worker genotypes. We sequenced RNA of pooled antennae, and pooled brains from three groups of workers: monogyne SB/SB, polygyne SB/SB, and polygyne SB/Sb. We identified 81 and 98 differentially expressed genes in the antennae and brains, respectively. Deta

iled analysis on odorant binding protein SiOBP12 revealed SiOBP12 has an Sb-specific duplication, SiOBP12b’, which may have evolved, in part, through expression neofunctionalization. From brain RNA-seq analysis, we highlighted two putative signaling transmission genes.From the queen side, we aimed t

o find the source of the supergene chemical cues. We hypothesized the body part which habors the source of the cues will elicit the queen discrimination behavior consistently between two closed rubbing times. To test this, we used rubbing experiments on different body parts of matured virgin queens.

Our results suggested the abdomen likely contains the source of the cues.